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Analgesic medications containing butalbital, aspirin, acetaminophen, and/or caffeine are used by many “headachers” for tension-type headache (TTH) and Migraine. They have been shown to be effective in placebo-controlled trials conducted with TTH patients, but have not been studied in placebo-controlled trials with Migraineurs.
The use of analgesics containing Butalbital is controversial to say the least. Analgesics with barbiturates such as Butalbital are banned in Germany, and expert advisory panels elsewhere have warned of their potential for abuse.2,3 Some experts warn that butalbital is particularly likely to lead to rebound (analgesic overuse) headache and/or dependence and question whether their benefit outweighs these problems.3 The authors comment: Butalbital-containing analgesics may be effective as backup medications or when other medications are ineffective or cannot be used. Because of concerns about overuse, medication-overuse headache, and withdrawal, their use should be limited and carefully monitored.
Fioricet and Esgic is made from a combination of butalbital (a barbiturate, 50 mg), acetaminophen (325 mg), and caffeine (40 mg). They are indicated for the treatment of tension headaches and muscle contraction headaches. Although not indicated, they are commonly used to treat migraines and other pain related ailments. Note that Fioricet (and some other pain medications) are implicated as causing repeat headaches with over-use
Fioricet Mechanism of action
Butalbital has generalized depressant effect on central nervous system and, in very high doses, has peripheral effects. Acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic effects; its analgesic effects may be mediated through inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase enzyme complex. Caffeine is thought to produce constriction of cerebral blood vessels.
Butalbital has a half-life of about 35 hours. Acetaminophen has a half-life of about 1.25 to 3 hours, but may be increased by liver damage and after an overdose. Caffeine has a half-life of about 3 hours.
Butalbital is a barbiturate. Some possible effects of barbiturates are intoxication, hangover, tolerance, dependence, and toxicity. Thus, analgesics with Butalbital can caused rebound (drug-induced) headache, dependence, and tolerance. With higher doses, withdrawal symptoms can occur when the drugs are discontinued.
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- Butalbital intoxication is indistinguishable from alcohol intoxication. Symptoms include “sluggishness, lack of coordination, difficulty thinking, poor memory, slowness of speech and comprehension, faulty judgment, disinhibition of sexual and aggressive impulses, decreased attention, emotional lability, and an exaggeration of basic personality traits.“4
- Tolerance is a reduced response to a medication. It is the result of cellular adaptive changes or enhanced drug metabolism due to extended use of a medication. Tolerance may develop over days, weeks, or months.
- Addiction is manifested in “behavioral and other responses, including a compulsion to take a drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects and, sometimes, to avoid the discomfort of its absence. Tolerance may or may not be present.”
What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking Fioricet?
Butalbital may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Fioricet should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. Keep the medication in a secure place where others cannot get to it.
Do not take Fioricet without first talking to your doctor if you drink more than three alcoholic beverages per day or if you have had alcoholic liver disease (cirrhosis). You may not be able to take medication that contains acetaminophen.
You should not take Fioricet if you are allergic to acetaminophen, butalbital, or caffeine, or if you have porphyria.
Before using Fioricet, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs, or if you have:
- kidney disease,
- liver disease; or
- a history of mental illness or suicidal thoughts.
If you have any of these conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely take Fioricet.
FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether Fioricet is harmful to an unborn baby. Before taking Fioricet, tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. Acetaminophen, butalbital, and caffeine can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not use Fioricet without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.
Fioricet side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using Fioricet and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
- fast, pounding, or uneven heartbeat;
- feeling light-headed or short of breath;
- nausea, stomach pain, low fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes); or
- easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness, fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms.
Less serious Fioricet side effects may include:
- drowsiness;
- dizziness, confusion or lightheadedness;
- dry mouth;
- nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite;
- feeling anxious or jittery;
- drunk feeling; or
- headache.
What other drugs will affect Fioricet?
The following drugs can interact with Fioricet. Tell your doctor if you are using any of these:
- an antibiotic;
- a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin);
- isoniazid;
- zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT);
- seizure medication such as phenytoin (Dilantin) or phenobarbital (Luminal, Solfoton);
- gout medications such as probenecid (Benemid) or sulfinpyrazone;
- an MAO inhibitor such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam), or tranylcypromine (Parnate);
- steroids such as prednisone, fluticasone (Advair), mometasone (Asmanex, Nasonex), dexamethasone (Decadron, Hexadrol) and others; or
- an antidepressant such as amitriptyline (Elavil, Etrafon), clomipramine (Anafranil), desipramine (Norpramin), imipramine (Janimine, Tofranil), and others.
Acetaminophen/butalbital/caffeine Pregnancy Warnings
Acetaminophen-butalbital-caffeine has been assigned to pregnancy category C by the FDA. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted on this combination product. There are no controlled data in human pregnancy. Acetaminophen-butalbital-caffeine is only recommended for use during pregnancy when benefit outweighs risk.
Acetaminophen is routinely used for short term pain relief and fever in all stages of pregnancy. Acetaminophen is believed to be safe in pregnancy when used intermittently for short durations. Two cases of acetaminophen overdose in late pregnancy have been reported. In both cases neither the neonate nor the mother suffered hepatic toxicity. Investigations have revealed conflicting results with regards to the pharmacokinetic disposition of acetaminophen in pregnant women. One study has suggested that the oral clearance of acetaminophen is 58% higher and the elimination half-life is 28% longer in pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women. Another study has suggested that the elimination half-life is not different in patients who are pregnant. That study also suggested that the volume of distribution of acetaminophen may be higher in pregnant women.
One study has suggested that acetaminophen in typical oral doses may result in a reduced production of prostacyclin in pregnant women. That study also suggested that acetaminophen does not affect thromboxane production. Barbiturates in general have been reported to readily cross the placental barrier. Withdrawal seizures have been reported in a two day old infant whose mother had taken a butalbital containing drug during the last two months of pregnancy. Butalbital was found in the infant’s serum. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted on butalbital. Caffeine has been assigned to pregnancy category B by the FDA.
Both human and animal studies on caffeine have failed to reveal evidence of significant mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. Caffeine crosses the placenta. Fetal blood and tissue levels in the fetus are similar to those in the mother. Caffeine has been reported to be an animal teratogen only with doses high enough to cause toxicity in the mother. In 1980, the Food and Drug Administration issued an advisory (based primarily on animal evidence) which stated that pregnant women should limit there intake of caffeine to a minimum.
In a study of 2817 fertile women, no evidence of adverse effects from caffeine was found. The fecundability ratio (adjusted for known risk factors for time to conceive) was 1.03 between fertile women who consumed more than 7000 mg caffeine per month and those who consumed 500 mg or less per month. Furthermore, caffeine was not associated with infertility in 1818 infertile women and their primiparous controls. In another study (n=441) no evidence was found that moderate caffeine use increased the risk of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, or microcephaly.
Acetaminophen/butalbital/caffeine Breastfeeding Warnings
One small study has reported that following a 1000 mg dose of acetaminophen to nursing mothers, nursing infants receive less than 1.85% of the weight-adjusted maternal oral dose.
Acetaminophen is excreted into human milk in small concentrations. One case of a rash has been reported in a nursing infant. Acetaminophen is considered compatible with breast-feeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Barbiturates are excreted in breast milk in small amounts. The significance of the effects on nursing infants has not been reported. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from butalbital, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Caffeine is excreted into human milk in small amounts. Adverse effects in the nursing infant are unlikely.
However, irritability and poor sleep patterns have been reported in nursing infants. The amount of caffeine generally found in caffeinated beverages is considered to usually be compatible with breast-feeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Because caffeine is excreted into human milk and because caffeine is metabolized slowly by nursing infants, consumption of more than moderate levels of caffeine by nursing mothers is not recommended.